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water hammering

When steam lines are shut down it is possible from various causes for them to fill with water.  If steam is allowed to enter a line with water, the steam starts to move the water down the line.  The
steam in contact with the water eventually condenses and a vacuum is formed causing the water to be pulled back to the valve which has just been opened and striking it with a heavy blow, often fracturing the valve.  If the valve fractures, it may end disastrously with risk of loss of life
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